Philosophical pessimism, as articulated by Arthur Schopenhauer, challenges the belief that life is inherently good or progressively improving. He argued that human existence is dominated by an insatiable will—a force...
Friedrich Nietzsche introduced the concept of Eternal Recurrence in The Gay Science and Thus Spoke Zarathustra. He asks: What if you had to relive every moment of your life, again...
Ayn Rand’s philosophy of Objectivism defines freedom as the power to say no, emphasizing personal autonomy and the rejection of external coercion, whether from government, society, or collective obligations. She...
Jürgen Habermas’s rational-critical debate is essential for democracy, yet short-form social media undermines meaningful discourse by prioritizing engagement over depth and fostering fragmented, reactive dialogue. Algorithm-driven platforms reduce complex ideas...
Friedrich Nietzsche viewed suffering as an unavoidable yet essential part of human existence, arguing that it becomes more bearable when infused with purpose. Rather than seeking to eliminate suffering, he...
Isaiah Berlin’s concept of freedom, outlined in Two Concepts of Liberty (1958), distinguishes between negative and positive freedom. Negative freedom is the absence of external constraints, emphasizing limited government, rule...
